Is MongoDB a programming language?

No. MongoDB is a database management system. Worse yet (IMHO), it is a so-called “NOSQL” database. What this means is that MongoDB does not support SQL, which is traditionally “the” standard query and database definition language.

Most “relational” DBMS’s support SQL, and this tends to be how DBA’s (database administrators) are trained. SQL is a database-dedicated language, that is designed to be efficiently embedded into other, “standard” programming languages as those languages are used by applications to access database-resident data. SQL query optimization is done by the database management system, with “ideal” knowledge of DB internals and standard “normal forms” of database structure.

MongoDB supports JavaScript and JSON standards, which are completely OK. However, this architecture tends to favor small, and highly distributed databases, and database structures that tend to be more maintenance-intensive as a company’s database systems grow over time.